Thymosin Alpha-1
The best-supported immune compound here, used clinically in several countries as an immune modulator.
Approved in several countries for hepatitis B and studied in sepsis. One of the better evidenced immune compounds here.
General profile
- Class
- Immune and thymic
- Evidence
- Strong human evidence
- Studied dose range
- 1.6 mg
- Frequency in protocols
- 2× weekly in trial protocols
- Route
- Subcutaneous
- Half life
- ~2 hours
- Reconstitution
- 2 mL bacteriostatic water per 10 mg vial
- Storage
- Refrigerated, ~30 days
Timing and cycling in the literature
Usually dosed in the morning window
Twice weekly
Trial protocols use two fixed days a week. Consistency of the day is what keeps immune signalling steady.
Reported cycle: 8 weeks on, 4 weeks off
Hepatitis B protocols run six months, while shorter immune support courses run four to eight weeks.
Watch for: Injection site reactions and any autoimmune history, since this pushes immune signalling upward.
What it conflicts with
Three separate questions, kept separate. A hard stop means the mechanisms must not run together at all and timing does not fix it. A syringe rule means the same day is fine but one barrel is not. Redundancy is not dangerous, it is paying twice to hit one target.
No named pair conflicts are on file for this compound. That is missing data, not clearance: with no compatibility data the default is separate syringes, and you still introduce one new compound at a time.
Most syringe compatibility claims here are practice and expert consensus, not peer reviewed mixing studies. A clear liquid after mixing does not prove the compounds are still active, and cloudiness, particles or gelling means discard. Active cancer, pregnancy, major cardiac care and heavy immunosuppression override every stack preference on this page.
See how Thymosin Alpha-1 fits your week
The injection scheduler spaces doses using the clinical timing data, flags the pairs above before you draw them, and tells you why.
Model this in the injection schedulerThe studies
Human trials: Randomised trials in hepatitis B, sepsis and as a vaccine adjuvant.
Open questions: Trial quality varies and results are mixed by indication.
Published papers
Indexed from Europe PMC and refreshed weekly. Each link opens the paper itself.
- Thymosin α1 Augments CD8⁺ T-Cell Activation and Reverses Exhaustion In Vitro
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev · 2026. Mishra S, Telang G, Sureshbabu A, Kulkarni S, Barage S, Kumar AWS, Singh R.
- Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells
Cancer Res · 2026. Wei Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Wang X, Zhou X, Wu C, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Pan N, Chen K, Zheng S, Yan C, Liu L, Wang L.
- Exploration and optimization of a respiratory outpatient triage model during the X disease epidemic: A retrospective observational study
Medicine (Baltimore) · 2026. Zhou C, Feng X, Hong H.
- Proximal tubule reabsorptive dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular death among community-living adults: the HUNT-3 cohort
Eur Heart J Open · 2026. Ikeme JC, Katz R, Øvrehus MA, Langlo KAR, Estrella MM, Shlipak MG, Ix JH, Hallan SI.
- IL-15 Plus Thymosin α1 Reduces Senescent Hepatic CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via PI3K/AKT Suppression
J Gastroenterol Hepatol · 2026. Wu F, Guo Z, Guan J, Xu J, Chen Y, Chen Z.
- Peptide Therapies in Thyroid Health: Emerging Applications in Endocrine and Immune Modulation
Integr Med (Encinitas) · 2026 · Review. Mazza AD.
- Elucidating the binding and metabolic interactions of sunitinib and sorafenib with Cytochrome P450s CYP2U1 and CYP2D6
Mol Pharmacol · 2026. Tang TY, Li Y, Chapman P, Tajkhorshid E, Das A.
- Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia
Biomedicines · 2026 · Review. Baktybayeva L, Kaldybayeva AB, Sokolenko A, Tursynova B, Ten AY, Daulet G, Svambayev E, Thevis M, Yu VK, Tassibekov KS.
- In- vitro assessment of the anti- malarial potential of Alpha Onocerin; cytotoxicity and hemolytic effect, multi-stage activity and molecular docking
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol · 2026. Appiah JA, Tetteh J, Zoiku F, Amoatey AO, Osei KJ, Agyemang Antwi S, Addotey JN, Ansah C, Mensah KB.
- A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1
Clin Case Rep · 2026. Li T, Wu BL, Yu CL, Jin LY.
Search the full literature
- PubMed: all indexed papers
Every indexed paper, newest first. Filter to Clinical Trial or Review in the sidebar.
- PubMed: human clinical trials only
The honest test of an evidence claim. An empty result is itself an answer.
- ClinicalTrials.gov registrations
Registered, ongoing and completed trials, including ones that never published.
- Europe PMC full text
Often surfaces open-access full text that PubMed only abstracts.